globals [ ;;these variables are needed across subroutines pc-happy ;;% of turtles (couples) happy because they have more sons than daughterss total-boys ;; in the population total-girls ;; in the population bias2boys ;; average across unhappy couples ] turtles-own [ no-of-boys ;;per couple no-of-girls ;;per couple happy? ;; is this couple happy? (sons > daughters) bias ;; bias to boys in sex probability ] to setup ca crt number ;; number of couples (from slider) ;; this is to place the zero axis on the "Girls minus Boys" plot set-current-plot "Girls minus Boys" set-current-plot-pen "axis" auto-plot-off plotxy 0 0 plotxy 1000000000 0 auto-plot-on ;; end the section to place the zero axis ask turtles [ set happy? false ;; no couple happy at first (no kids) let chsign ( 2 * ( random 2 ) - 1 ) ;; random +1 or -1 set bias ( chsign * ( random-float ( vary_bias / 100 ) ) ) ;; |bias| up to 0.1 ;; each couple has a fixed probability of having sons = 0.5 + bias, ;; where bias has mean zero and a uniform distribution. ;; show bias ] end to go if not any? turtles with [not happy?] [ stop ] ;;stop when all couples happy birth-unhappy-turtles ;;unhappy couples procreate update-globals do-plots do-output end to birth-unhappy-turtles ask turtles with [ not happy? ] ;;is this couple unhappy? [ birth ] ;; then give birth end to birth ifelse ( random-float 1.0 > (0.5 - bias )) ;; son? [ set no-of-boys (no-of-boys + 1) ] ;; yes and increment [ set no-of-girls (no-of-girls + 1) ] ;; no and increment ifelse ( favour-boys? ) ;;is favour boys switch on? [ set happy? ( no-of-boys > no-of-girls ) ] ;; yes--happy now? [ set happy? false ] ;; no--not happy, john end to update-globals set total-boys sum [no-of-boys] of turtles ;; total boys set total-girls sum [no-of-girls] of turtles ;; total girls set pc-happy (count turtles with [happy?]) / (count turtles) * 100 ifelse ( count turtles with [not happy?] = 0 ) [ set bias2boys 0 ] [ set bias2boys (sum [bias] of turtles with [not happy?]) / (count turtles with [not happy?]) ] end to do-plots set-current-plot "Percent Happy Couples" set-current-plot-pen "pc" plot pc-happy set-current-plot "Numbers of Boys and Girls" set-current-plot-pen "Boys" plot total-boys set-current-plot-pen "Girls" plot total-girls set-current-plot "Girls minus Boys" set-current-plot-pen "diff" plot (total-girls - total-boys) set-current-plot "Bias to Boys" set-current-plot-pen "bb" plot 0.5 + bias2boys end to do-output output-print (count turtles with [ not happy? ]) ;; to box end @#$#@#$#@ GRAPHICS-WINDOW 303 10 541 221 9 7 12.0 1 10 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 -9 9 -7 7 0 0 1 ticks BUTTON 47 64 113 97 NIL setup NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL BUTTON 202 45 265 78 NIL go NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL PLOT 57 201 257 351 Percent Happy Couples NIL NIL 0.0 10.0 0.0 100.0 true false PENS "pc" 1.0 0 -16777216 true "axis" 1.0 0 -16777216 true PLOT 59 378 259 528 Numbers of Boys and Girls NIL NIL 0.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 true true PENS "Boys" 1.0 0 -13345367 true "Girls" 1.0 0 -2064490 true PLOT 298 384 498 534 Girls minus Boys NIL NIL 0.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 true false PENS "diff" 1.0 0 -16777216 true "axis" 1.0 0 -16777216 true OUTPUT 424 279 491 335 12 TEXTBOX 399 339 549 367 Number of unhappy couples remaining 11 0.0 0 BUTTON 204 85 267 118 NIL go T 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL SLIDER 51 136 223 169 number number 0 1000 200 10 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 311 235 483 268 vary_bias vary_bias 0 10 10 0.5 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SWITCH 269 293 409 326 favour-boys? favour-boys? 0 1 -1000 PLOT 610 103 810 253 Bias to Boys NIL NIL 0.0 10.0 0.48 0.52 true false PENS "bb" 1.0 0 -16777216 true @#$#@#$#@ WHAT IS IT? ----------- In Chapter Three, Evaluation of Speculation, of March & Lave (1975), in section 3.3.3, they examine the consequences of a parental preference for boys: "Suppose that each couple agreed (knowing the relative value of things) to produce children (in the usual way) until each couple had more boys (the ones with penises) than girls (the ones without). And further suppose that the probability of such coupling (technical term) resulting in a boy (the ones with) varies from couple to couple, but not from coupling to coupling for any one couple. And (we still have a couple more) that no one divorces (an Irish folk tale) or sleeps around (a Scottish folk tale) without precautions (a Swedish folk tale). And that the expected sex (technical term) of a birth if all couples are producing equally is half male, half female (though mostly they are one or the other). Question: (Are you ready?) What will be the ratio of boys (with) to girls (without) in such a society? Answer: The sweet truth is (given the supposings) that we will end up with more girls (without) than boys (with). (That's beauty, baby.):" (pp.69-70) HOW IT WORKS ------------ Each couple is modelled as a turtle. Each couple has a fixed, small bias (mean 0.0, max +0.1, min -0.1) in its probability (unbiassed mean = 0.5) of producing boys over girls. Each couple remembers the numbers of offspring of each sex it has. Each couple is unhappy until it has more boys than girls. HOW TO USE IT ------------- Choose the number of couples. Choose the fixed bias per couple (vary_bias of 0 means a probability of exactly 0.5, max 10 means a probability in the range 0.4 to 0.6). The output box and plots are self-explanatory. THINGS TO NOTICE ---------------- With zero bias, there will almost always be more boys than girls in total, when all couples are happy. With large bias, the process will not converge. Instead, there will remain a very small number of couples coupling, and girls will increasingly outnumber boys. The couples more likely to have boys will have smaller families, and those more likely to produce girls will have larger families. Some with many girls and few boys remain unhappy and coupling. THINGS TO TRY ------------- Play with numbers of couples and vary_bias. EXTENDING THE MODEL ------------------- Although couples are modelled as turtles, there is no movement of turtles. Instead, couples could be modelled as patches, and the colour of a patch could change when a couple becomes happy. NETLOGO FEATURES ---------------- Note the use of the false attribute in the initiation setup. RELATED MODELS -------------- This section could give the names of models in the NetLogo Models Library or elsewhere which are of related interest. CREDITS AND REFERENCES ---------------------- Model written by Robert Marks, on August 10, 2006. bobm@agsm.edu.au James G. March and Charles A. 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